The Impact of Effective Credit Risk Management on Bank...

Annals of the University of PetroÅŸani, Economics, 9(2), 2009, 173-184 173 THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT ON BANK SURVIVAL * KOSMAS NJANIKE ABSTRACT: A number of financial institutions have collapsed or experienced financial problems due to inefficient credit risk management systems. The study seeks to evaluate the extent to which failure to effectively manage credit risk led to Zimbabwe’s banks’ demise in 2003/2004 bank crisis. It also seeks to establish other factors that led to the banking crisis and to outline the components of an effective credit risk management system. The study found that the failure to effectively manage credit risk contributed to a greater extent to the banking crisis. The research also†¦show more content†¦The research data was collected over six months to June 2009. The researcher chose the survey as the appropriate research design for the study, and as such, questionnaires and interviews were used as research instruments. Some unclear or hanging issues in the questionnaires were clarified in interviews. A sample of 10 commercial banks randomly chosen was used in this an alysis. Twenty questionnaires were used to gather data with two for each commercial bank chosen. A total of 10 interviews were held with the heads of credit or senior managers from those banks. The questionnaire had 12 short questions designed for the bankers and or senior managers from those banks so that they would not have a difficulty in answering questions. The first two questions constituted the respondent profile. The two questions that followed formed the administrative section where the research was obtaining information about the financial institution. Question five up to the end of the questionnaire formed the main body from which the crucial data for the research was The Impact of Effective Credit Risk Management on Bank Survival 175 obtained. Document review was also used to obtain as much data as possible for a comprehensive, detailed and informed analysis of the study. 4. LITERATURE REVIEW According to the Reserve bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) risk management operating documentShow MoreRelatedEnterprise Wide Risk Management Framework And Process Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesEnterprise-Wide Risk Management In order to effectively treat risk, firms must first apply a risk management framework and process. The enterprise-wide risk management process provides a broad approach to address and manage all of an organizations risk. Furthermore, this technique is comprised of four components, lead and establish accountability, align and integrate, allocate resources, and communicate and report. 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Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction: Investment decisions are largely influenced by human psychology. Investing goes behold rationality and statistics and decisions are made based on human intuitions (Yuniningsih, Sugeng and Muh Barid, 245-263). Investments are important for enabling an individual to meet financial goals more easily. Investments generate income by putting forth an amount (something) with expectations of a higher return in a future time. Investments allow a person to create wealth and become financially independent (Nofsinger, 76). The investment decisions are characterized by uncertain stock markets, risky ventures, unpredictable environment, and changing business environment. Investors make decisions differently as they are influenced by behavior, mind, conscious, unconscious and thoughts. Investors make investments decisions with an objective of increasing their returns on investments (ROI) or getting the highest interests (Luthans, Carolyn , and Bruce, 321-340,). The stock market bull and bear impact investment decisions and it depends on human psychology to make decisions in these situations. The bull market is characterized with optimism that leads to increased market rally increasing the stock price. The bear market on the other side is characterized with pessimism leading a decreasing stock price (McPhee, 107).The bull market make average investors greedy who buy many shares leading to the stock being overpriced. The bear markets rally everyone to fear a stock and sell their share leading to a fall in the stock price. The herd mentality when investing influences investors to think the same way and act according to a group instead of making independent investment decisions. The peaks and trough situations in investment happens regularly in the stock market. Prices keep changing and range from the highest price (peak) to the lowest price (trough) and require understanding the investment psychology to make appropriate decision in different t imes of price change (Kim et al., 140-154). The following write-up contains discuss for three companies that will be analyzed for investments. These companies are Alibaba Group Holding Limited, Apple Inc, and Tesla Motors Inc. This will involve analyzing their financial history, competitors in the market, past peaks and trough and reasons for buying their stocks both emotional and logical. Alibaba Group Holding Ltd Alibaba Group is a multinational ecommerce, Internet, retail, AI and Technology Company. The company through subsidiaries operates in four segments; cloud computing, core commerce, entertainment and digital media, and innovation initiatives. Alibaba provides business-to-business, consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales services through web portal. The company also provides electronic payments services, cloud computing and shopping search engines. Alibaba operates in more than 200 countries. Alibaba Group Holding Limited trades in New York Stock Exchange as BABA. The company stock price is US$ 172.07 as at 4th April 2018. The company had a total equity of US$ 48.33 billion at the end of 2017 financial year. Alibaba 2017 revenue amounted to US$23.82billion. The company revenue in 2016 financial year was US$22.96 billion which was 56% higher from 2015 FY. The stock price was US$121.27 in 2016 FY while 2017 stock price US$142. Alibaba main competitor is Amazon. Alibaba revenue grew from $3.14Billion in 2012 FY to $22.99 Billion in 2017 FY compared to Amazon that grew from $48 Billion in 2011FY to $135.99 Billion in 2016 FY. The Amazons revenue grew with 23% while Alibaba revenue grew by 48%. The Alibaba stock price increased by 79% from 2014 compared to Amazon that increased by 192% during the same timeframe. There are several reasons to buy Alibaba. First, the company revenues are increasing at a high percentage that will increase the net income leading to a higher dividends payment. There is an increasing trend for consumers to buy products online that leads to upward sales revenues. The revenue increased to $23 in 2017 from less than $11 billion in 2014. The company has a large scale of operation where the company managed $547 billion online shopping portals of retail transactions in 2017 and they are expected to increase by $1 trillion by 2019. Secondly, the exploding Chinese economy will favor the performance of Alibaba. The Chinese economy accounts for 86% of the Alibaba retail sales. The Chinese economy has a gross domestic per capita income of $3000 which is expected to grow to $13300 within 20 year. This is different to US which will increase by 28% at the same time. Third, Alibaba has diversified operations. The company is not all about retail but is also involved in other services such as digital media and computing tools. Fourth, the Jack Mas vision for Alibaba will drive sales up leading to increased dividends payment. The Jack Ma wants the business to serve more than 10 million small business and 2 billion consumers (Chandra, 203). Lastly, the company insider ownership will also drive it performance Jack Ma owns 6.3% of th e company shares that amount to $27 billion. Jack Ma personal fortune is tied to the company success and will act as an incentive to the company performance to increase its value. The Alibaba past peak for the past 52 days is $206.20 while the trough is $106.78. There is variance is $99.42. This shows that the Alibaba shares have a high potential of rising up to $206 which represent 23% from the current share price of $173. On the other side, the company shares can drop down by 40% to 106 from the current $173. Therefore investing in Alibaba shares has both possibility where the investor can lose by 40% or gain by 23%. Tesla Motors is company that specializes in energy storage, electric vehicles, solar panel manufacturing. The company was founded in 2003 and is based in California. The company products include lithium-ion battery, electric cars, photovoltain panels, Telsa Powerwall batteries, solar panel, sonar roof tiles, and Powerpack batteries. The company is led by Enlon Musk who envisions that the company will be a leading technology company and automaker that will offer affordable electric cars at competitive prices to average income consumers. The company subsidiaries are SolarCity, and Telsa Grohmann Automation. Tesla Motors has a total equity of US$4.24 billion at the end of 2017 financial year. The company recorded revenue amounting to US$11.76 billion during 2017FY. The Company is listed as TSLA in the NASDAQ. The Tesla common stock price is $299.67 as at 4 April 2018. Tesla Revenue increased from $3.2 billion in 2014 to $1.76 billion in 2017. The main Competitor for Tesla Motors is Ford Motors. Ford is a multinational automobile company with headquarters in Michigan. Ford is listed in NYSE and it trading name is F. It stock value is $11.5 as at 4 April 2018. Ford Motors earned $156.8 billion in 2017 from $147 billion in 2013. There are several reasons to buy Tesla Motor share. First, the company has a beloved brand. Consumers are increasingly shifting to products that conserve the environment. The Company Roadster brand is not one decade old but has managed to get top 100 global brands in interbrands List. The Tesla brand is estimated to be worth $4 billion. Secondly, the company enjoys low cost marketing. Tesla Motors innovations make headlines that attract media attention. Most of Tesla moves are covered in details by media that provide unbelievable free amount of advertising. The company is therefore able to lower its operations costs that are then channeled to other projects or minimize the operations costs optimizing returns. Thirdly, Tesla enjoys ridiculous loyal customer base. The company has loyal customers who are willing to buy the same brand given another chance. The customers are highly satisfied and Tesla is ranked first among automakers in the industry in terms of consumer satisfaction. Four th, Tesla is located in Silicon Valley at the hotbed of engineering and technology. The company is therefore able to attract talents that will lead innovation that will increase the company value. Lastly, Tesla Motors has access to SpaceX engineers. Tesla CEO Elon Musk is also the head of SpaceX Company. SpaceX is a valuable and remarkable company makes rockets and leads innovation on engineering, material science, and manufacturing. The automaker therefore has access to SpaceX engineers who are likely to lead innovation to the company and make it to be a market leader in the automobile industry. Therefore Tesla Motor is a promising share to buy and there are likelihood of high returns. The peak of Tesla Motors for the past 52 weeks was $389.61 while the trough was $244.59. The variance between pas6t peak and trough is $145.61. The peak and trough show that the share price can increase by 27.7% or decrease by 20%. Therefore the investor is likely not to lose by a big margin. Apple Inc is a multinational technology company. The company is headquartered in California and is involved in designing, developing, and selling computer software, consumer electronics, and online services. The company products include iPhone Smartphone, Mac computers, IPad tablets, iPod media player, Apple Watch, Apple TV, and HomePod Smart speaker. Apple software includes IOS operating system, iTune Media Player, macOS, Iwork, and safari web browser. The company online services include iTunes Store, Mac App Store, iOS App Store and Apple Music. The company was started in 1976 and is led by Tim Cook as the CEO and Arthur Levinson as the chairman ("Apple"). Apple Inc is a public company and is traded in Nasdaq as AAPL. The company stock price is $172.8 as at 4th April 2018. The company recorded revenue that amounted to US$229.234 billion in 2017 financial year. The company total equity was US$ 134.047 billion in 2017 FY. The company revenue increased from $170.87billion in 2013 FY to $228.57 billion in 2017 FY. The net income increased from $37.04 billion in 2013 FY to $48.35 billion in 2017 FY. Apple Inc main competitor is Hewlette Packard Company (HP Ltd). HP Ltd is a multinational company that specializes in developing hardware components, software, and related consumer services related to technology. Their products include personal computers, tablets, and printers, networking hardware, data storage devices and designing software. The company trades as HPE in the NYSE. The company stock price is $17.20 as at 4th April 2018. HP Ltd recorded a decrease in revenue from $57.33 billion in 2013FY to $28.94 billion ("Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co."). The past peak and trough for 52 weeks were $19.48 and $12.70 respectively. The company also recorded a decrease in income from $2.05billion in 2013FY to $436 in 2017 FY ("Hewlett Packard Enterprise's Net Revenue 2011-2017 | Statistic"). There are many reasons to buy Apple stock shares. First, Apple Inc is earning high revenues that equivalent to a country GDP of US$ 229 billion. Consumers perception to Apple Products as of high quality, latest technology, and unique features drive the companys revenue high. The revenues are also in an upward graph. The company also earned $48 billion profits for 2017 FY. This shows that the company shares will earn high dividends. Secondly, Apple is a market leader in technology hardware devices and software. The company enjoys a powerful competitive advantage that will enable the company to increase its profit margins above it competitors. This will increase the capital returns on investments. Lastly, Apple is an attractive valuation. The company is likely to remain as the top trading technological company. The company has a wide customer base and is perceived to have best products in terms of quality and technology advancement. This shows that the company will continue to attract new customers that will increase it sales. In addition, the company share price is affordable (not overpriced) and its expected to boom in the near future. The past peak for Apple in 52 weeks is $183.50 while the trough has been $140.06. The variance between peak and trough is $43.44. The stock prices are likely to increase value by 6% or lose value by 19%. Conclusion From the write- up, different companies have different trends in terms of performance that can be used to make investment decisions. It is also evident that financial performance is not the only determinant of making decision to buy share because of other factors that impact companys ability to make financial gains. Tesla Motors has the highest placed stock price of $299 while Alibaba the least with $172.07. Tesla Company stock prices are facing bull market situation. According to past peak and trough, Apple Inc stock price are the most stable, followed by Tesla Motors and then Alibaba. It is therefore recommendable to invest at Apple Inc as the first priority then Alibaba Group Holdings. References "Apple".Apple, 2018, https://www.apple.com/. Accessed 6 Apr 2018. Online Chandra, Prasanna.Investment analysis and portfolio management. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Print "Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co.".Marketwatch.Com, 2018, https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/hpe/financials. Accessed 6 Apr 2018. Online "Hewlett Packard Enterprise's Net Revenue 2011-2017 | Statistic".Statista, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/518394/hewlett-packard-enterprise-net-revenue/. Accessed 6 Apr 2018.Online Nofsinger, John R.The psychology of investing. Routledge, 2017. Print Kim, E., Kim, H., Li, B., Lu, Y. and Shi, X. Equity Offerings, Technology Investiments, And Employee Skill Composition".SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018.Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3115902. Print Luthans, Fred, Carolyn M. Youssef, and Bruce J. Avolio.Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Print McPhee, Stuart. Trading in A Nutshell. John Wiley Sons, 2011.: 149-156. Print Yuniningsih, Yuniningsih, Sugeng Widodo, and Muh Barid Nizarudin Wajdi. "An analysis of Decision Making in the Stock Investment."Economic: Journal of Economic and Islamic Law8.2 (2017): 122-128. Print

Post Lab Report Sample

Post Lab Report Paper This process aids in determining affinity. 3 The most polar compound is always the absorbent; however, the polarity of the compounds in the mixture in addition to the solvents found in the mixture differs in polarities. We use chromatography, or more specifically TTL, to determine the relative amounts of components in a mixture. Additionally TTL is utilized to determine the identity of two substances. When utilizing TTL, the ratio of distance traveled by the compound to the solvent is defined as RFC. 1 Column Chromatography, is used in this experiment to separate -carotene from a mixture. Column Chromatography is utilized for purification of both solids and liquids. Primarily, C is used to separate and isolate compounds. The similarities between TTL and C include the utilization of a chamber and IV light to identify the affinity of the compounds. The steps found during a TTL can also be found in a C. Differences include the extraction and purification procedure found in a C. Results Thin Layer Chromatography Compound I Distance (CM) I Acetaminophen 1 4. 71 Caffeine 1 1. 51 Aspirin 1 01 Ibuprofen 1 01 Solvent front | 6. 5 | Thin Layer Chromatography with unknown Unknown 1 1. 51 Thin Layer Chromatography comparison Residue | 0 | Isolated -carotene 1 01 Standard -carotene | 0 | Calculations RFC = Distance traveled by the compound / Distance traveled by solvent RFC Acetaminophen = 4. CM / 6. CM = 0. 7 RFC Caffeine = 1. CM / 6. CM = 0. 2 RFC Aspirin = Com / 6. CM RFC Ibuprofen = Com / 6. CM RFC Unknown = 1. CM / 6. CM Discussion The experimental results indicate that the identity of the unknown tablet was determined by measuring and comparing the distance traveled by the known standards to the unknown standard. The RFC value of Caffeine was 0. ND of the unknown was also 0. 2 as shown by the calculations above, this proves that the unknown substance was Caffeine, given that the unknown substance traveled 1. CM and was equal to the distance traveled by Caffeine, showing that they were the same. Acetaminophen had a Revalue of 0. 7 with Aspirin having a RFC value of O and Ibuprofen also having a RFC value of 0. This shows that the unknown tablet was Caffeine. Yes, the column chromatography experiment was successful as the residue, isolated and standard -carotene did not move from the baseline so all he three dots did not move. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows that they must be similar, we could have used a better solvent than hexane to show reliable results. Conclusion The TTL successfully exhibited the different affinities of the analgesics. The RFC values were successfully obtained and due to the different affinities, the unknown standard was identified. However, the identity of the unknown standard was not easily attainable, there were complications with the experiment. The complications that could have hindered the results, include human error in measuring and observing. Also, the tools used in this experiment may not have been sterile and the stock solutions may not have been pure solutions. For the column chromatography experiment, the isolated -carotene obtained was isolated from the solution, again human error in measuring and observing could have hindered these results. For isolating -carotene, the solvent used was hexane but that did not move the components so a better solvent could have been used to show more reliable results and to make the components move from the baseline.

Creating Two Dimensional Arrays in Ruby

Creating Two Dimensional Arrays in Ruby The following article is part of a series.  For more articles in this series, see  Cloning the Game 2048 in Ruby.  For the complete and final code,  see the gist. Now that we know how the algorithm will work, its time to think about the data this algorithm will work on. There are two main choices here: a flat array of some kind, or a two-dimensional array. Each has their advantages, but before we make a decision, we need to take something into account. DRY Puzzles A common technique in working with grid-based puzzles where you have to look for patterns like this is to write one version of the algorithm that works on the puzzle from left to right and then rotate the entire puzzle around four times. This way, the algorithm only has to be written once and it only has to work from left to right. This dramatically reduces the complexity and size of the hardest part of this project. Since well be working on the puzzle from left to right, it makes sense to have the rows represented by arrays. When making a two dimensional array in Ruby (or, more accurately, how you want it to be addressed and what the data actually means), you have to decide whether you want a stack of rows (where each row of the grid is represented by an array) or a stack of columns (where each column is an array). Since were working with rows, well choose rows. How this 2D array is rotated, well get to after we actually construct such an array. Constructing Two Dimensional Arrays The Array.new method can take an argument defining the size of the array that you want. For example, Array.new(5) will create an array of 5 nil objects. The second argument gives you a default value, so Array.new(5, 0) will give you the array [0,0,0,0,0]. So how do you create a two dimensional array? The wrong way, and the way I see people trying often is to say Array.new( 4, Array.new(4, 0) ). In other words, an array of 4 rows, each row being an array of 4 zeroes. And this appears to work at first. However, run the following code: It looks simple. Make a 4x4 array of zeroes, set the top-left element to 1. But print it and we get†¦ It set the entire first column to 1, what gives? When we made the arrays, the inner-most call to Array.new gets called first, making a single row. A single reference to this row is then duplicated 4 times to fill the outer-most array. Each row is then referencing the same array. Change one, change them all. Instead, we need to use the third way of creating an array in Ruby. Instead of passing a value to the Array.new method, we pass a block. The block is executed every time the Array.new method needs a new value. So if you were to say Array.new(5) { gets.chomp }, Ruby will stop and ask for input 5 times. So all we need to do is just create a new array inside this block. So we end up with Array.new(4) { Array.new(4,0) }. Now lets try that test case again. And it does just as youd expect. So even though Ruby doesnt have support for two-dimensional arrays, we can still do what we need. Just remember that the top-level array holds references to the sub-arrays, and each sub-array should refer to a different array of values. What this array represents is up to you. In our case, this array is laid out as rows. The first index is the row were indexing, from top to bottom. To index the top row of the puzzle, we use a[0], to index the next row down we use a[1]. To index a specific tile in the second row, we use a[1][n]. However, if we had decided on columns†¦ it would be the same thing. Ruby doesnt have any idea what were doing with this data, and since it doesnt technically support two-dimensional arrays, what were doing here is a hack. Access it only by convention and everything will hold together. Forget what the data underneath is supposed to be doing and everything can fall apart real fast.

The Use of Information Systems to Aid Communication and Financial Assignment

The Use of Information Systems to Aid Communication and Financial Management in Business - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that information is one of the extremely important elements in a business organization because of that it serves as a support tool for business operation, decision making, managerial functions and organizational activities. Information is normally considered to be the most powerful asset in a business. Many businesses are effectively utilizing the information that is rich with and succeed in a market by achieving competitive advantage whereas many other firms fail in managing it and thus to surviving in the market as well. This piece of research work presents a brief report on how the information system can effectively be used to aid communication and financial management. No matter how small or large the business is, information is highly critical to it and it can help the business attain its goals. Information is essentially important for financial management for various reasons like decision making, and there have been efforts to bring e ffectiveness in approaching the information and the outcome is that an information system approach has been developed. It is important to identify, explain and evaluate how the information system is used and how it can be successfully used in communication and financial management. Stair, Reynolds, and Reynolds pointed out that information system is a set of inter-related elements or components that collect, manipulate, store and disseminate data or information and provide a corrective reaction to meet a specific objective. Information System is thus a process or system approach towards collecting the data or information as inputs, manipulating them through processes, storing them as either tacit or explicit and making use of them once they have been disseminated as outputs. An organization can be said to use information system if there is a system in which people, process, technology, and information are aligned and integrated.

Principles of Taxation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of Taxation Law - Case Study Example A supply will not be regarded as a 'taxable supply' to the extent that it is a 'GST-Free' supply or an 'input taxed' supply. The GST payable is calculated at 10 percent of the value of the consideration that entity receives for making the supply (excluding GST). Entities registered for GST are entitled to claim input tax credits for the GST included in the costs of various goods and services that the business has acquired for its activities. "However where an acquisition relates to input taxed supplies, the registered entity may be restricted in its ability to claim input tax credits for that acquisition depending on the purpose of the acquisition and the supplies to which it relates"3. Depending on the size of the turnover the entities registered for GST are subjected to certain reporting obligations. The entities are required to prepare and lodge with the Australian Tax Office (ATO) GST returns on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. The entities whose turnover is more than A$ 20 million per annum are required to file the GST returns on a monthly basis. ... On the contrary if the input tax on the acquisition is more than the amount the entity is liable to pay then the entity is entitled for a refund from the ATO. Tax Credits on Land Purchase: As per the GST rules if the land is purchased after 30th June 2000, then the input tax credit on the land purchased can be claimed. However this claim for tax credit is subject to the condition that the sale to the entity must be a taxable supply and was not subjected to any margin scheme. In this case since the GST of 10 percent has been paid on the land cost while purchasing the trust can claim tax credit for the GST amount paid on the land cost. In respect of other capital items purchased like kitchen outfit, tables and chairs and cutleries the trust can claim the input tax credit of any GST included in the items purchased. This also covers the GST included in the services acquired after paying GST. The trust should have invoices for all the purchases it has made in order to claim the input tax credits. "Some supplies of goods and services will be GST-free, for example basic food, exports and some health services. This means that GST will not be included in the price of these goods and services."4 Calculation of Taxable Income: The calculation of the taxable income of the trust is shown below: Description Amount A$ Sales 165,000 Add: Closing Stock 8,000 Total Revenue 173,000 Less : Expenses Purchases 33,000 Wages 40,000 Superannuation 3,600 Administrations Costs 8,000 Interest 12,000 Demolition Costs 5,500 Total Expenses 102,100 Net Income 62,900 Income Adjusted for Tax Purposes: Gross Income as per Statement A$

Media In The Vietnam War

Media In The Vietnam War Throughout Americas history, the United States has won the majority of all of its major conflicts. Up until the Vietnam War, America was seen as invincible and unbeatable. At the time, television and personal audio recorders were becoming more mainstream. News by television was growing for the first time, people were turning to TV rather than the newspaper or radio to learn about current events.  [1]  The news was uncensored, and citizens, for the first time, were able to view the reality of war. Although the Vietnam War initially had the publics full support, uncensored anti-war news coverage on the newly developed commercial television influenced popular sources of entertainment, like music artists, which in turn led people to protest the war; the protests, combined with the major losses and defeats in the conflict, prompted the government to withdraw from Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a Cold War conflict that officially started on the first of November, 1955. President Lyndon B. Johnson took full advantage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which occurred in 1964; the resolution allowed the President to use conventional military power in south Asia without the approval of Congress. President Johnson used this incident as a reason to escalate troop levels in Vietnam, thus escalating the conflict.  [2]  The escalated conflict, which turned into a full-scale war, was fought between North Vietnam and its Communist allies and South Vietnam supported by anti-communist nations. The larger strategy at hand was the containment of communism. Started as a Russian revolution, the Soviets had started spreading Communism throughout the world. Although the war technically started in 1955, it wasnt until the early 1960s that US troop levels began to grow rapidly.  [3]  In 1968, the US launched the infamous Tet Offensive, an operation in which there were many casualties on both sides.  [4]  The Tet Offensive marked the period in which approval for the war started to rapidly decline which would later cause the U.S, five years later to start a peace process in which the US would eventually withdraw from Vietnam.  [5]  This peace processes ended two years later in 1975 with the capture of Saigon by North Vietnamese forces.  [6]   Although veterans sharing their experiences of war happened in any previous war, the Vietnam War was exposed much more through new technology such as television, and personal audio recorders. At the same time the Vietnam War was starting, citizens started switching where they would get their news information. A series of surveys conducted by the Roper Organization for the Television Information Office from 1964 until 1972 demonstrates the growing power of television; multiple answers allowed, respondents were asked from which medium they got most of their news, 58 percent said television; 56 percent, newspapers; 26 percent, radio; and 8 percent, magazines.  [7]  By 1972, 64 percent said television while the number of respondents who primarily relied on newspapers dropped to 50 percent.  [8]  TV was more attention-grabbing than newspapers and radio the visual element allowed user to feel as if they were in the middle of the intense battles and death. Additionally, intense vis uals helped explain the complex nature of war to Americans who might not understand the militarys technical language. Furthermore, anchors, who hosted the news programs quickly became famous in fact, Walter Croncrite, a major anchor at the time was often cited as the most trusted man in America.  [9]  This trust in the media led people to quickly believe their word as fact, clearly spreading the medias bias throughout Americas culture. When footage of the Tet Offensive started coming out in early 1968, the dominant view that the war was just was quickly flip-flopped. The media started showing more anti-war footage, with a focus on critics of the Johnson administration.  [10]  Most importantly, the footage of the My Lai massacre, where hundreds of Vietnamese were killed in cold blood by Americans, acted as a main example of why peace needed to be established.  [11]  Later on, the media focused on domestic anti-war movements, which further exemplified how the Vietnam War was unjust. Not only were Americans seeing the war in a new way, they were also seeing more casualties coming back from the front. All the way from the beginning of the war to the end, the casualty rates were rising at a constant rate. By 1968, there was an average of 1200 men who died per month in Vietnam.  [12]  Correlating with the increase in deaths at the front, more and more American soldiers were sent to Vietnam, and by 1968 over half a million troops were stationed there.  [13]  At the same time, naturally, the approval rating for then-President Lyndon B. Johnson plummeted to an all time low even as low as 35% during the Tet Offensive.  [14]  Because American approval for Johnson went steadily lower over time, it can be inferred that it was because of his actions during his time as president. Since there were so many casualties and little progress was being made in Vietnam, most people thought the war was unwinnable, which was later confirmed in 1968 by the top news anchor o f the time, Walter Cronkite.  [15]  This notion that the war was unwinnable furthered the American publics cause to end the war and bring the remaining soldiers home. This general feeling of an American demise in Vietnam eventually spread to popular entertainment and popular culture. Although the media generally spread the anti-war message, music artists picked up its caused and spread the message of peace to the younger generation. Artists such as Edwin Starr, Billy Joel and Bruce Springsteen were incredibly popular in the 1960s and early 1970s. Much of their work consisted of anti-Saigon lyrics which displayed the harsh realities of war, and explaining why our soldiers should come home. These songs and artists sparked the counter culture of the time generally knows as hippies. These peace loving people carried out the messages of these artists peace, love and respect; their main goal was the end the Vietnam War and to create peace.  [16]  This counter-culture spread rapidly, especially among young people. Because of its amazing popularity, the media covered most of youth rallies and protests, such as draft card burnings and Human-Be-Ins.  [17]  This excessive media attention spread the counter-culture even further, spreading its ideas across the Unite d States. Because more people were being aware of these acts of civil disobedience, more people were tempted to follow the crowd. As more people got caught up in the movement the number of people at the protests rose, from as little as 700 participants in 1964 to 500,000 total in 1967.  [18]  This primarily shows how an anti-war bias spread by the media found its way into popular culture, which then caused many citizens to protest the war. Even those who did not go out and protest, which was the majority of the country, regarded the Vietnam War as a mistake.  [19]   Throughout the 60s and early 70s time, American citizens were constantly fighting against American involvement in Vietnam. Hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated every year to bring American troops back home. The number of people demonstrating kept rising as the approval rating for the war lowered exponentially every year.  [20]  As more people started demonstrating, pop-culture heavyweights, such as boxer Muhammad Ali and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. publicly endorsed peace. Not only did this lead to an increase in media coverage of the issue, but it also lead those who were fans of those public figures to become active in the fight for peace in Vietnam. Civil disobedience was on the rise more than 16 million American citizens dodged the draft by the end of the Vietnam War.  [21]  Also, in 1967, a group of flower power hippies marched on the Pentagon where they were blocked by National Guard troops, and subsequently they put flowers in their gun barrels (Appendix A).  [22]  A photographer, Bernard Norman Boston took a photo of the incident, and it became the runner up for the Pulitzer Prize that year, further broadcasting the strength of the counter-culture movement in the United States. The more media converge there was, the more people decided to join the movement for peace. The media even had a profound effect on the soldiers stationed in Vietnam; some GIs decided to resist the commands of the US army. The army in Vietnam, according to Marine Colonel Robert D. Heinl Jr., a veteran combat commander with over 27 years experience in the Marines, and the author of Soldiers Of The Sea, was on the verge of collapse: By every conceivable indicator, our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state approaching collapse, with individual units avoiding or having refused combat, murdering their officers and non commissioned officers, drug-ridden, and dispirited where not near mutinous. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sedition, coupled with disaffection from within the ranks, and externally fomented with an audacity and intensity previously inconceivable, infest the Armed Services  [23]   Not only was the army mutinous, but there were also many fragging incidents that occurred on bases. Fragging, is where there is a bounty placed upon a commanding officer, and that man is to be murdered, and whoever does it gets a monetary reward. These bounties were placed in underground army newspapers which majority of the army read.  [24]  In the year of 1970 alone, there were 209 reported fraggings.  [25]  The people responsible for the fraggings mostly got away with it too, as the armys justice system was quite corrupt: The Armys Judge Advocate Generals Corps estimated that only 10% of fragging attempts resulted in anyone going to trial..  [26]  Although there were those who took action against their superiors, there were also those who ran away. By 1970, the U.S. Army had 65,643 deserters almost four infantry divisions worth of troops.  [27]  In 1966 the desertion rate was 14.7 per thousand, in 1968 it was 26.2 per thousand, and by 1970 it had risen to 52.3 per thousand; absence without leave was so common that by the height of the war one GI went AWOL every three minutes.  [28]  From January of 67 to January of 72 a total of 354,112 GIs left their posts without permission, and at the time of the signing of the peace accords 98,324 were still missing.  [29]  The army also resisted politically, releasing underground news papers to solders. By 1972 around 300 anti-war and anti-military newspapers, with titles like Harass the Brass, All Hands Abandon Ship and Star Spangled Bummer had been published by enlisted men.  [30]  Hundreds of GIs created these papers, but their influence was far wider with thousands more who helped distribute them, and tens of thousands of readers.  [31]  They were also those determined to stop the war based on the act of sabotage; in June of 1972 the USS Ranger was apparently disabled by sabotage, and it had to return to its home base for repairs.  [32]  A movement that embodied this ideology wa s SOS Stop Our Ship. They used petitions to try and get their superiors to ground naval operations.  [33]  Even the troops, who may have had a lack of media knowledge, knew the war was wrong, and they decided to do something about it. They did all of this not only because they were saving themselves from being killed unnecessarily, but also because they knew the war which they were fighting was either not worth the fight or it was unjust. The media was the most decisive factor that drove the United States to end the war. Indirectly, they caused the public to accept that the war was unwinnable and that it would keep taking up the time and resources of the U.S. By conveying their message to popular culture artists, the media was able to target a larger audience, which was also coincidentally more active group socially. These people led protests which were both seen and heard by the national government. The media instigated these protests, displaying primarily anti-war protests on the daily news. Not only was the war being lost overseas, a battle against the government was being fought at home to end the war. Because of the constant pressure from Americas citizens and the North Vietnamese Army, the U.S decided to withdraw from Vietnam, letting Saigon fall into enemy hands, but at the same time, sparing many American lives. Although the media may have ended up tarnishing the honor of the United States with its first major loss since its creation, it stopped a cycle that would have ended up killing more American soldiers. Without the media causing an end to the war in Vietnam, the US would have been in a much worse place than it is today. Word Count: 2101